ΔΙΑΦΉΜΙΣΗΆνδρες, γυναίκες και παιδιά, σχεδόν 36 εκατομμύρια άνθρωποι σε όλον τον κόσμο παραμένουν μέχρι και σήμερα σε κατάσταση δουλειάς και οι περισσότεροι από τους μισούς βρίσκονται σε πέντε χώρες, την Ινδία, την Κίνα, το Πακιστάν, το Ουζμπεκιστάν και τη Ρωσία, όπως αποκάλυψε η αυστραλιανή οργάνωση για την προάσπιση των ανθρωπίνων δικαιωμάτων Walk Free.
Σύμφωνα με την έρευνα της οργάνωσης αυτής “περιπτώσεις σύγχρονης δουλείας εντοπίζονται και στις 167 χώρες” που ελέγχθηκαν. Μπορεί να αφορούν εμπορία ανθρώπων, σεξουαλική εκμετάλλευση, καταναγκαστική εργασία, υπηρεσία για εξόφληση χρέους ή ακόμη και καταναγκαστικούς γάμους.
Η Walk Free υπολογίζει ότι 35,8 εκατομμύρια άνθρωποι υπηρετούν σήμερα ως “σκλάβοι”, αριθμός αυξημένος κατά 20% σε σύγκριση με το 2013. Η αύξηση αυτή δεν οφείλεται πάντως σε μια “έκρηξη” περιπτώσεων δουλείας, αλλά στην καλύτερη μεθοδολογία που χρησιμοποιήθηκε στην έρευνα.
Πάνω από έξι στους δέκα (ποσοστό 61%) ανθρώπους που είναι θύματα εκμετάλλευσης ζουν σε πέντε χώρες: στην κορυφή του καταλόγου βρίσκεται η Ινδία, όπου “υπάρχουν όλες οι μορφές σύγχρονης δουλείας” και τα θύματα υπολογίζεται ότι φτάνουν τα 14,3 εκατομμύρια. Ακολουθούν η Κίνα (3,2 εκατομμύρια), το Πακιστάν (2,1 εκ.), το Ουζμπεκιστάν (1,2 εκ.), η Ρωσία (1,1 εκ.), η Νιγηρία (834.000 άνθρωποι), η ΛΔ του Κονγκό (762.000), η Ινδονησία (714.000), το Μπαγκλαντές (680.900) και η Ταϊλάνδη (475.300).
Το υψηλότερο ποσοστό θυμάτων δουλειάς, αν ληφθεί υπόψη ο συνολικός πληθυσμός μιας χώρας, το έχει πάντως η Μαυριτανία, με 4%. Η οργάνωση εξήγησε ότι στη χώρα αυτή η δουλεία είναι “κληρονομική” και “ριζωμένη στη μαυριτανική κοινωνία”. Ακολουθούν το Ουζμπεκιστάν, η Αϊτή και το Κατάρ.
Στις τελευταίες θέσεις του καταλόγου βρίσκονται οι δύο χώρες-υποδείγματα, με 100 θύματα η καθεμία, η Ισλανδία και το Λουξεμβούργο.
Η Ευρώπη συνολικά έχει το χαμηλότερο ποσοστό σκλάβων, με 1,6% που αντιστοιχεί σε 566.200 ανθρώπους οι οποίοι, στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις, είναι θύματα σεξουαλικής ή οικονομικής εκμετάλλευσης. Η Βουλγαρία, η Τσεχία και η Ουγγαρία προηγούνται στον κατάλογο όσον αφορά το ποσοστό των “σκλάβων” σε σύγκριση με τον πληθυσμό των χωρών αυτών. Τα περισσότερα θύματα ωστόσο, 185.000 άνθρωποι, εκτιμάται ότι βρίσκονται στην Τουρκία.
Η Κύπρος βρίσκεται στην 87η θέση, με 0,36% ή 4100 πρόσωπα να ζουν σε συνθήκε σύγχρονης δουλείας.
Η Ελλάδα βρίσκεται στις τελευταίες θέσεις της κατάταξης, στην 156η θέση, με 0,013%, ή (κατ’ εκτίμηση) 1.400 πρόσωπα να ζουν σε συνθήκες σύγχρονης δουλείας, ακριβώς κάτω από το Βέλγιο, στην 155η θέση, και την Πορτογαλία, στην 157η, που έχουν ταυτόσημα ποσοστά.
Η σύγχρονη δουλεία έχει πολλά πρόσωπα, όπως τα καταγράφει η Walk Free: “από τα παιδιά που στερούνται την εκπαίδευση γιατί τα αναγκάζουν να δουλεύουν ή τα παντρεύουν πολύ μικρά, μέχρι άνδρες που δεν μπορούν να εγκαταλείψουν τη δουλειά τους γιατί χρωστούν χρήματα στους πράκτορες εύρεσης εργασίας, γυναίκες και κορίτσια που εργάζονται, χωρίς να πληρώνονται, ως υπηρετικό προσωπικό (…) η δουλεία υπάρχει ακόμη και σήμερα, σε όλες τις χώρες και μας επηρεάζει όλους”, τονίζεται στην έκθεση.
Η δουλεία ορίζεται ως η “κατοχή” ή η “άσκηση ελέγχου” σε ανθρώπους κατά τρόπο που τους στερεί την ελευθερία τους με σκοπό την εκμετάλλευσή τους για αποκόμιση οφέλους ή για σεξ, συνήθως δια της βίας, με καταναγκασμό ή μέσω εξαπάτησης.
Σε όλες οι χώρες του κόσμου, εκτός από τη Βόρεια Κορέα, υπάρχουν νόμοι που ποινικοποιούν ορισμένες μορφές δουλείας, όμως οι περισσότερες κυβερνήσεις θα μπορούσαν να κάνουν περισσότερα για να βοηθήσουν τα θύματα, είπε η επικεφαλής του τμήματος ερευνών της Walk Free, Φιόνα Ντέιβιντ. “Οι έρευνες δείχνουν ότι στα χαρτιά γίνονται πολλά, όμως αυτό δεν συνεπάγεται κατ’ ανάγκη ότι θα υπάρχουν και αποτελέσματα”, είπε χαρακτηριστικά.
Τα στοιχεία ανά χώρα
?CountryIndex rankSlaves (percentage)Slaves (est.)Iceland1670.00723Ireland1660.007300Luxembourg1650.01371New Zealand1640.013600Norway1630.013700Finland1620.013700Denmark1610.013700Switzerland1600.0131100Austria1590.0131100Sweden1580.0131200Portugal1570.0131400Greece1560.0131400Belgium1550.0131500Netherlands1540.0132200Australia1530.0133000Taiwan1520.0133000Canada1510.0134600Spain1500.0136100United Kingdom1490.0138300France1480.0138600Germany1470.01310500Italy1460.01911400United States1450.01960100Cuba1440.03624100Brazil1430.0775155300Israel1420.08066500Singapore1410.09985400Latvia1400.11322300Romania1390.113222600Belarus1380.121511500Madagascar1370.132630400Kenya1360.146464900Barbados1350.1488400Jamaica1340.15484200Trinidad and Tobago1330.1692300Dominican Rep.1320.175418200Hong Kong1310.186513400Poland1300.186571900Argentina1290.186577300Korea1280.186593700Japan1270.1865237500South Africa1260.2001106000Venezuela1250.200260900Uruguay1240.20957100Panama1230.20958100Costa Rica1220.209510200Chile1210.209536900Nicaragua1200.218213300El Salvador1190.218213800Paraguay1180.218214800Honduras1170.218217700Bolivia1160.218223300Guatemala1150.218233800Ecuador1140.218234300Peru1130.218266300Colombia1120.2182105400Mexico1110.2182266900Papua New Guinea1100.2316800China1090.23883241400Gabon1080.24764100Kosovo1070.24764500Ukraine1060.2476112600Turkey1050.2476185500Mauritius1040.25413300Philippines1030.2655261200Indonesia1020.2858714100Saudi Arabia1010.291984200Tunisia1000.306333300Timor-Leste990.34044000Turkmenistan980.359218800Kyrgyzstan970.359220500Lao PDR960.359224300Tajikistan950.359229500Azerbaijan940.359233800Kazakhstan930.359261200Sri Lanka920.359273600Cameroon910.359279900Uganda900.3592135000Vietnam890.3592322200Montenegro880.362200Cyprus870.364100Estonia860.364800Slovenia850.367400FYROM840.367600Albania830.3610000Lithuania820.3610600Armenia810.3610700Bosnia and Herz.800.3613800Croatia790.3615300Georgia780.3616100Slovakia770.3619500Serbia760.3625800Hungary750.3635600Czech Rep.740.3637900Bulgaria730.379727600Guyana720.3873100Ethiopia710.4141389700Eq. Guinea700.43483300Libya690.434827000Eritrea680.434827500Somalia670.434845600Zimbabwe660.434861500Angola650.434893400Yemen640.4348106100Dem. Rep. Korea630.4348108200Afghanistan620.4348132800Myanmar610.4348231600Iran600.4348336700Bangladesh590.4348680900Lebanon580.4821400Jordan570.4831000Malaysia560.48142600Morocco550.48158400Algeria540.48188200Egypt530.48393800Nigeria520.4805834200Guinea-Bissau510.50018500Swaziland500.53596700Cape Verde490.63683200Brunei480.70933000Bahrain470.70939400Kuwait460.709323900Oman450.709325800Thailand440.7093475300Djibouti430.71146200Gambia420.711413200Sierra Leone410.711443300Burundi400.711472300S. Sudan390.711480400Guinea380.711483600Rwanda370.711483800Chad360.711491200Mali350.7114108900Côte d’Ivoire340.7114144500Tanzania330.7114350400Russia320.73151049700Lesotho310.745615500Liberia300.745632000Togo290.745650800Benin280.745677000Senegal270.7456105400Zambia260.7456108400Malawi250.7456122000Burkina Faso240.7456126300Niger230.7456132900Mozambique220.7456192600Ghana210.7456193100Nepal200.8227228700Suriname190.90684900Botswana180.906818300Namibia170.906820900Mongolia160.906825700Moldova150.936233300Cambodia141.0292155800Iraq131.0351345900United Arab Emirates121.057298800Rep. of the Congo111.106149200Central African Rep.101.1352200Syria91.13258200Sudan81.13429000Dem. Rep. Congo71.13762900Pakistan61.132058200India51.140914285700Qatar41.356329400Haiti32.3041237700Uzbekistan23.97291201400Mauritania14155600
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